---
title: "Coreference in Prague Czech-English — Nedoluzhko 2016"
description: "Manually coreference-annotated parallel corpora are scarce, which hampers cross-lingual discourse research, including work on machine translation that…"
authors: ["Anna Nedoluzhko", "Michal Novák", "Silvie Cinková", "Marie Mikulová", "Jiří Mírovský"]
year: 2016
venue: "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'16)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/L16-1026/"
licence: "CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/nedoluzhko-2016-coreference-prague-czech-english-dependency/"
---
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# Coreference in Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank

**Authors:** [Anna Nedoluzhko](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/anna-nedoluzhko/), [Michal Novák](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/michal-novak/), [Silvie Cinková](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/silvie-cinkova/), [Marie Mikulová](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/marie-mikulova/), [Jiří Mírovský](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/jiri-mirovsku/) · **Year:** 2016 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'16) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/L16-1026/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/L16-1026.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2573651634)

**Citations:** 23 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [23](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Manually coreference-annotated parallel corpora are scarce, which hampers cross-lingual discourse research, including work on machine translation that often ignores context beyond the sentence. The authors present PCEDT 2.0 Coref, an extension of the Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank 2.0. That treebank has about 1.2 million tokens in nearly 50,000 sentence pairs. Its English side is the Wall Street Journal part of the Penn Treebank, and its Czech side was translated by hand. Links are annotated on the tectogrammatical (deep-syntax) layer, so omitted arguments such as Czech null subjects become explicit nodes that can take part in coreference. The earlier release already covered grammatical and pronominal coreference. This version adds manual nominal coreference. For English, a converted BBN-PCETC annotation was checked and corrected by hand. The paper explains the scheme, reports statistics, and compares it with Ontonotes and PDT 3.0. It also introduces a supervised method for aligning coreferential expressions across languages, which yields more reliable Czech–English correspondence statistics. Data and code are public.

## Key points
- Base resource: PCEDT 2.0, a Czech–English parallel treebank with about 1.2M tokens and about 50k sentence pairs. The English part comes from the Penn Treebank WSJ section, and the Czech part is a sentence-by-sentence human translation.
- The scheme distinguishes two types of coreference:
  - **Grammatical coreference:** relative and reflexive pronouns, control verbs, reciprocals, and dual-dependency modifiers.
  - **Textual coreference:** pronouns, textual ellipsis, and nominal coreference. It also includes special links for multi-sentence discourse antecedents and exophora.
- Textual links follow a chain principle, where each mention points to the nearest preceding antecedent. No ambiguity is encoded, and manual textual links are limited to a 20-sentence distance.
- Standard unsupervised word aligners handle pronouns and function words poorly. The paper therefore uses a supervised aligner trained on the manual alignment by Novák and Nedoluzhko (2015).
- The paper compares PCEDT 2.0 Coref with ParCor 1.0 (German–English, pronouns only) and with CzEng 1.0, whose coreference is automatic. It is released at ufal.cz/pcedt2.0-coref, with code at github.com/ufal/pcedt2.0-coref.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Coreference resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/coreference-resolution/) · [Treebanks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/treebanks/)

## Cited by

Cited by

23 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 8 of them have a page here, 15 not yet.

- [Findings of the Second Shared Task on Multilingual Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/abokrtsky-2023-findings-second-shared-task-multilingual/)
- [Investigating Multilingual Coreference Resolution by Universal Annotations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/chai-2023-investigating-multilingual-coreference-resolution-universal/)
- [Do UD Trees Match Mention Spans in Coreference Annotations?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/coref-2021-popel-do-ud-trees-match-mention/)
- [NARC – Norwegian Anaphora Resolution Corpus](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/hlum-2022-narc-norwegian-anaphora-resolution-corpus/)
- [Anaphora With Non-nominal Antecedents in Computational Linguistics: a Survey](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/kolhatkar-2018-survey-anaphora-non-nominal-antecedents/)
- [Coreference meets Universal Dependencies – a pilot experiment on harmonizing coreference datasets for 11 languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/nedoluzhko-2021-coreference-meets-universal-dependencies/)
- [Findings of the Fourth Shared Task on Multilingual Coreference Resolution: Can LLMs Dethrone Traditional Approaches?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/novak-2025-findings-fourth-shared-task-multilingual/)
- [Findings of the Fifth Shared Task on Multilingual Coreference Resolution: Expanding Datasets for Long-Range Entities](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/novak-2026-findings-fifth-shared-task-multilingual/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{nedoluzhko2016coreference,
  title = {{Coreference in Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank}},
  author = {Nedoluzhko, Anna and Novák, Michal and Cinková, Silvie and Mikulová, Marie and Mírovský, Jiří},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'16)},
  year = {2016},
  doi = {10.63317/3yqbenvhok5r},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/3yqbenvhok5r}
}
```

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## References

13 references, 2 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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