---
title: "Solving Hard Coreference Problems — Peng 2015"
description: "Coreference systems still struggle with pronouns, especially in Winograd-style sentences."
authors: ["Haoruo Peng", "Daniel Khashabi", "Dan Roth"]
year: 2015
venue: "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/N15-1082/"
doi: "10.3115/v1/n15-1082"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/peng-2015-solving-hard-coreference-problems/"
---
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# Solving Hard Coreference Problems

**Authors:** [Haoruo Peng](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/haoruo-peng/), [Daniel Khashabi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/daniel-khashabi/), [Dan Roth](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/dan-roth/) · **Year:** 2015 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/N15-1082/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/N15-1082.pdf) · [DOI 10.3115/v1/n15-1082](https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/n15-1082) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2296266385)

**Citations:** 80 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [38](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Coreference systems still struggle with pronouns, especially in Winograd-style sentences. In these, gender and number agreement offer no help, and picking the right antecedent depends on world knowledge. Peng, Khashabi and Roth propose Predicate Schemas, a knowledge representation organized around predicates:

- **Type 1** scores how plausible a mention is as the subject or object of a predicate.
- **Type 2** relates two predicates that share an argument, conditioned on the discourse connective between them.

The schemas are populated with statistics gathered without supervision from Gigaword, Wikipedia, web queries and polarity information. Earlier work fed such knowledge in as features, where sparsity weakens it. Here it is instead compiled at inference time into constraints inside an ILP-based mention-pair coreference model built on Chang et al. (2013). The constraints also capture interactions among several pronouns in one sentence.

The resulting system, KnowComb, beats both a general-purpose system and a dedicated classifier on hard pronoun cases. It stays at state-of-the-art level on ACE and OntoNotes. This shows that background knowledge can be added as constraints without degrading ordinary coreference.

## Key points
- On the Winograd dataset (1886 sentences, Rahman and Ng 2012), KnowComb reaches 76.76% precision. This compares with 53.26% for the general system of Chang et al. (2013) and 73.05% for the special-purpose Rahman and Ng classifier. On WinoCoref the gain is about 15%.
- On standard benchmarks KnowComb roughly matches its base system IlliCons. Average scores are 78.97 vs 79.42 on ACE and 76.76 vs 77.05 on OntoNotes.
- Type 1 and Type 2 schemas together cover 73% of Winograd instances: Cat1 is 16.8%, Cat2 is 56.2%, and the remaining 27.0% need richer context.
- In the ablation on WinoCoref, Type 1 knowledge scores 90.26 on Cat1 instances versus 76.67 on all test data. Type 2 knowledge scores 83.38 on Cat2 versus 79.55 overall.
- Code and data are released as Winocoref by the CogComp group (University of Illinois).

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Coreference resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cited by

Cited by

38 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 12 of them have a page here, 26 not yet.

- [Experience Grounds Language](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/bisk-2020-experience-grounds-language/)
- [The KnowRef Coreference Corpus: Removing Gender and Number Cues for Difficult Pronominal Anaphora Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/emami-2019-knowref-coreference-corpus-removing-gender/)
- [UNIFIEDQA: Crossing Format Boundaries with a Single QA System](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/khashabi-2020-unifiedqa-crossing-format-boundaries-single/)
- [WikiCREM: A Large Unsupervised Corpus for Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/kocijan-2019-wikicrem-large-unsupervised-corpus-coreference/)
- [Challenges to Evaluating the Generalization of Coreference Resolution Models: A Measurement Modeling Perspective](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/porada-2024-challenges-evaluating-generalization-coreference-resolution/)
- [SocialIQA: Commonsense Reasoning about Social Interactions](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/sap-2019-socialiqa-commonsense-reasoning-about-social/)
- [The More Antecedents, the Merrier: Resolving Multi-Antecedent Anaphors](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/vala-2016-more-antecedents-merrier-resolving-multi/)
- [Mind the GAP: A Balanced Corpus of Gendered Ambiguous Pronouns](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/webster-2018-mind-gap-balanced-corpus-gendered/)
- [Understanding Mention Detector-Linker Interaction in Neural Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/wu-2021-understanding-mention-detector-linker-interaction/)
- [Free the Plural: Unrestricted Split-Antecedent Anaphora Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/yu-2020-free-plural-unrestricted-split-antecedent/)
- [Gender Bias in Coreference Resolution: Evaluation and Debiasing Methods](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/zhao-2018-gender-bias-coreference-resolution-evaluation/)
- [Gender Bias in Contextualized Word Embeddings](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/zhao-2019-gender-bias-contextualized-word-embeddings/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{peng2015solving,
  title = {{Solving Hard Coreference Problems}},
  author = {Peng, Haoruo and Khashabi, Daniel and Roth, Dan},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies},
  year = {2015},
  doi = {10.3115/v1/n15-1082},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/n15-1082}
}
```

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