--- title: "Realization of Discourse Relations by Other — Prasad 2010" description: "Discourse relations such as cause, contrast or instantiation have traditionally been tied to a closed inventory of connectives drawn from a few syntactic…" authors: ["Rashmi Prasad", "Aravind Joshi", "Bonnie Webber"] year: 2010 venue: "Coling 2010: Posters" source: "https://aclanthology.org/C10-2118/" licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)" licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/" summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License" canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/prasad-2010-realization-discourse-relations-other-means/" --- [Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/prasad-2010-realization-discourse-relations-other-means/) [home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/) / [papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/) / [2010](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/2010/) / Realization of Discourse Relations by Other Means: Alternative Lexicalizations # Realization of Discourse Relations by Other Means: Alternative Lexicalizations **Authors:** [Rashmi Prasad](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/rashmi-prasad/), [Aravind Joshi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/aravind-joshi/), [Bonnie Webber](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/bonnie-webber/) · **Year:** 2010 · **Venue:** Coling 2010: Posters · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) **Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/C10-2118/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/C10-2118.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W108141795) **Citations:** 82 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [38](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read ## Summary Discourse relations such as cause, contrast or instantiation have traditionally been tied to a closed inventory of connectives drawn from a few syntactic classes: conjunctions, adverbs and prepositional phrases. Prasad, Joshi and Webber argue that this view is too narrow. They show how annotation of the Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB) uncovered many other signals. When annotators tried to insert an implicit connective between adjacent sentences, some insertions sounded redundant because another expression in the text already conveyed the relation (e.g., "One reason is"). These cases were labelled AltLex in PDTB 2.0. Using the PDTB–Penn Treebank alignment, the authors analyse the syntax and lexical flexibility of these expressions. Most AltLex items are neither fixed phrases nor members of the accepted connective classes. They conclude that discourse relation markers (DRMs) form an open-ended class. This challenges both list-based annotation and token-classification approaches to automatic DRM detection. As a first step toward finding unlisted markers, they run a pilot using Callison-Burch's back-translation paraphrasing, including its syntactically constrained variant. ## Key points - AltLex emerged from implicit-relation cases marked "NONE". These were split into EntRel, NoRel and AltLex, the last covering cases where an inserted connective would be redundant. PDTB 2.0 contains 624 AltLex tokens. - The AltLex tokens fall into three groups: - 92 (14.7%) are syntactically admitted and lexically frozen, i.e., connectives missing from the original list. - 54 (8.7%) are frozen but come from other syntactic classes (e.g., "What's more"). - 478 (76.6%) are free both syntactically and lexically (e.g., "That is why", "The plunge followed"). - In the pilot, Callison-Burch supplied EuroParl back-translations for 147 DRMs. These surfaced markers absent from the WSJ corpus (e.g., "as a consequence", "by the same token"). They also surfaced unannotated in-corpus markers (e.g., "above all", "after all"), often in paragraph-initial sentences, which were excluded from implicit annotation. - The authors identify two limitations of the back-translation approach: - Translations may differ in how explicitly they express relations, which adds alignment noise. - Morphologically marked DRMs, as in Turkish, would require extra handling. *Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.* Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/) Topics: [Discourse analysis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/discourse-analysis/) ## Cited by Cited by 38 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 14 of them have a page here, 24 not yet. - [Measuring the Strength of Linguistic Cues for Discourse Relations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/asr-2012-measuring-strength-linguistic-cues-discourse/) - [Primary and secondary discourse connectives: definitions and lexicons](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/danlos-2018-primary-secondary-discourse-connectives-definitions/) - [Representation Learning for Text-level Discourse Parsing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/ji-2014-representation-learning-text-level-discourse/) - [Inducing Discourse Connectives from Parallel Texts](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/laali-2014-inducing-discourse-connectives-parallel-texts/) - [Cross-lingual Discourse Relation Analysis: A corpus study and a semi-supervised classification system](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/li-2014-cross-lingual-discourse-relation-analysis/) - [Extending Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition to the PDTB-3](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/liang-2020-extending-implicit-discourse-relation-recognition/) - [Beyond The Wall Street Journal: Anchoring and Comparing Discourse Signals across Genres](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/liu-2019-beyond-wall-street-journal-anchoring/) - [Implicitation of Discourse Connectives in (Machine) Translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/meyer-2013-implicitation-discourse-connectives-machine-translation/) - [Reflections on the Penn Discourse TreeBank, Comparable Corpora, and Complementary Annotation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/prasad-2014-reflections-penn-discourse-treebank-comparable/) - [Discourse Annotation in the PDTB: The Next Generation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/prasad-2018-discourse-annotation-pdtb-next-generation/) - [Alternative Lexicalizations of Discourse Connectives in Czech](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/rysova-2012-alternative-lexicalizations-discourse-connectives-czech/) - [The Centre and Periphery of Discourse Connectives](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/rysova-2014-centre-periphery-discourse-connectives/) - [Annotation upon Annotation: Adding Signalling Information to a Corpus of Discourse Relations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/taboada-2013-annotation-upon-annotation-adding-signalling/) - [Revisiting Shallow Discourse Parsing in the PDTB-3: Handling Intra-sentential Implicits](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/zhao-2021-revisiting-shallow-discourse-parsing-pdtb/) ## Cite The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. ```bibtex @inproceedings{prasad2010realization, title = {{Realization of Discourse Relations by Other Means: Alternative Lexicalizations}}, author = {Prasad, Rashmi and Joshi, Aravind and Webber, Bonnie}, booktitle = {Coling 2010: Posters}, year = {2010}, url = {https://aclanthology.org/C10-2118/} } ``` - [← previous Readability Assessment for Text Simplification](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/aluisio-2010-readability-assessment-text-simplification/) - [next → RelaxCor: A Global Relaxation Labeling Approach to Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/sapena-2010-relaxcor-global-relaxation-labeling-approach/) - [↑ back to papers of 2010](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/2010/) ## References 23 references, 8 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet. 1. Callison-Birch, Chris. 2007. Paraphrasing and Translation. 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