---
title: "Modelling Discourse Relations for Arabic — Al-Saif 2011"
description: "This EMNLP 2011 paper presents the first computational models of discourse relations for Arabic."
authors: ["Amal Al-Saif", "Katja Markert"]
year: 2011
venue: "Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/D11-1068/"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/saif-2011-modelling-discourse-relations-arabic/"
---
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# Modelling Discourse Relations for Arabic

**Authors:** [Amal Al-Saif](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/amal-al-saif/), [Katja Markert](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/katja-markert/) · **Year:** 2011 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/D11-1068/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/D11-1068.pdf)

**Citations:** [6](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
This EMNLP 2011 paper presents the first computational models of discourse relations for Arabic. It focuses on explicit discourse connectives. The authors take news texts drawn from Part 1 v2.0 of the Arabic Penn Treebank and annotate them according to Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB) principles, modified to suit Arabic. A corpus study shows two things about Arabic news. First, adjacent sentences are usually linked by an overt connective, unlike in English. Second, these connectives are much more ambiguous than their English counterparts. The paper addresses two supervised tasks:

- **Connective recognition:** deciding whether a candidate word has a discourse function.
- **Connective interpretation:** assigning the relation the connective signals.

With gold syntactic features, recognition comes close to human agreement. A variant that uses only lexical, automatically derived morphological and POS features also performs reliably. This matters for languages that lack strong parsers. For interpretation, a wider feature set gives small but statistically significant gains over a strong baseline that assigns each connective its most frequent relation. The gains are concentrated on frequent, highly ambiguous connectives. Together, the work provides an initial resource and baseline methods for Arabic discourse parsing.

## Key points
- **Relation inventory:** a hierarchy of 17 relations, coarser than the PDTB set, with BACKGROUND and SIMILARITY added for Arabic news.
- **Connective coverage:** clitics (e.g. *l*, *b*, *f*) and prepositions count as connectives; their second argument is often an Al-Masdar (verbal noun).
- **Class-level relation results, all 6039 connectives:** most-frequent-class baseline 62.4% accuracy; connective-only model (M1) and the full model (M2) both reach 88.7%.
- **Class-level relation results, excluding sentence-initial *wa* (3813 tokens):** baseline 41.8%, M1 82.7% (κ 0.74), M2 83.5% (κ 0.75).
- **Ambiguous connectives:** 33 types account for 3239 tokens, and on these M2 beats M1 significantly at the 1% level. A single rule labelling clitic prepositions as Cause.Reason covers 494 cases with 26 errors.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Discourse analysis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/discourse-analysis/)

## Cited by

Cited by

6 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 3 of them have a page here, 3 not yet.

- [Disambiguating Explicit Discourse Connectives without Oracles](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/johannsen-2013-disambiguating-explicit-discourse-connectives-without/)
- [Reflections on the Penn Discourse TreeBank, Comparable Corpora, and Complementary Annotation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/prasad-2014-reflections-penn-discourse-treebank-comparable/)
- [Cross-Lingual Identification of Ambiguous Discourse Connectives for Resource-Poor Language](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/zhou-2012-cross-lingual-identification-ambiguous-discourse/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{alsaif2011modelling,
  title = {{Modelling Discourse Relations for Arabic}},
  author = {Al-Saif, Amal and Markert, Katja},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  year = {2011},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/D11-1068/}
}
```

- [← previous Mining Subjective Knowledge from Customer Reviews: A Specific Case of Irony Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/reyes-2011-mining-subjective-knowledge-customer-reviews/)
- [next → Morphological Features for Parsing Morphologically-rich Languages: A Case of Arabic](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/aclbulk-2011-dehdari-morphological-features-parsing-morphologically-rich/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2011](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/2011/)

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