---
title: "A Dataset for Multi-Target Stance Detection — Sobhani 2017"
description: "Most stance classifiers judge an author's position toward each target separately."
authors: ["Parinaz Sobhani", "Diana Inkpen", "Xiaodan Zhu"]
year: 2017
venue: "Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 2, Short Papers"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/E17-2088/"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/sobhani-2017-dataset-multi-target-stance-detection/"
---
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# A Dataset for Multi-Target Stance Detection

**Authors:** Parinaz Sobhani, [Diana Inkpen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/diana-inkpen/), Xiaodan Zhu · **Year:** 2017 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 2, Short Papers · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/E17-2088/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/E17-2088.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2741386817)

**Citations:** 131 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [59](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Most stance classifiers judge an author's position toward each target separately. However, attitudes toward related targets often depend on each other, such as rival candidates in an election. Sobhani, Inkpen and Zhu address this gap with the Multi-Target Stance Dataset. It contains 4,455 tweets about the 2016 US presidential race, each labeled for stance toward two candidates at once. Annotations were crowdsourced on CrowdFlower with gold-question quality control, and items with weak agreement were filtered out. The authors also release a large pool of unlabeled election tweets. As a modeling approach, they frame the task as sequence-to-sequence learning. A bidirectional GRU encoder reads the tweet, and an attention-based decoder outputs one stance label per target, with each label conditioned on the ones before it. This attention-based Seq2Seq model beats several alternatives on macro-averaged F-score: independent SVMs, window-based SVMs, cascading SVMs and a single 9-class SVM. The differences are statistically significant. The work offers the first reasonably sized benchmark for joint stance modeling and evidence that modeling dependencies between targets helps.

## Key points
- The dataset covers three target pairs: Clinton–Sanders (1,366 tweets), Clinton–Trump (1,722) and Cruz–Trump (1,317). It is split by timestamp into 70/10/20 portions, giving 3,119 train, 446 dev and 890 test tweets.
- Every tweet received at least eight annotations. Tweets with under 50% agreement on either target were dropped, and the inter-annotator agreement is 79.74%.
- About 20% of tweets show the same stance toward both candidates, about 50% show opposing stances, and in about 17% neither stance can be inferred.
- Macro-F results (average F1 of Favor/Against):
  - Baselines: random 34.26, majority 32.11.
  - SVM variants: independent 51.37, window-based 48.32, cascading 52.05, 9-class 50.63.
  - Seq2Seq: 54.81.
- Model setup:
  - Encoder and decoder use GRU units with 128 cells, trained with Adadelta.
  - Word embeddings have 100 dimensions and were pretrained with Word2Vec Skip-gram on roughly 11.9M unlabeled tweets.
  - Tokenization relied on the CMU Twitter NLP tool.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cited by

Cited by

59 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 13 of them have a page here, 46 not yet.

- [Topic-Guided Sampling For Data-Efficient Multi-Domain Stance Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/arakelyan-2023-topic-guided-sampling-data-efficient/)
- [STANDER: An Expert-Annotated Dataset for News Stance Detection and Evidence Retrieval](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/conforti-2020-stander-expert-annotated-dataset-news/)
- [Synthetic Examples Improve Cross-Target Generalization: A Study on Stance Detection on a Twitter corpus.](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/conforti-2021-synthetic-examples-improve-cross-target/)
- [Cross-Domain Label-Adaptive Stance Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/hardalov-2021-cross-domain-label-adaptive-stance/)
- [Improving Stance Detection with Multi-Dataset Learning and Knowledge Distillation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/li-2021-improving-stance-detection-multi-dataset/)
- [A Multi-Task Learning Framework for Multi-Target Stance Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/li-2021-multi-task-learning-framework-multi/)
- [Target-Aware Data Augmentation for Stance Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/li-2021-target-aware-data-augmentation-stance/)
- [Generative Data Augmentation with Contrastive Learning for Zero-Shot Stance Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/li-2022-generative-data-augmentation-contrastive-learning/)
- [Distilling Calibrated Knowledge for Stance Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/li-2023-distilling-calibrated-knowledge-stance-detection/)
- [A New Direction in Stance Detection: Target-Stance Extraction in the Wild](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/li-2023-new-direction-stance-detection-target/)
- [JointCL: A Joint Contrastive Learning Framework for Zero-Shot Stance Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/liang-2022-jointcl-joint-contrastive-learning-framework/)
- [Zero-Shot and Few-Shot Stance Detection on Varied Topics via Conditional Generation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/wen-2023-zero-shot-few-shot-stance/)
- [C-STANCE: A Large Dataset for Chinese Zero-Shot Stance Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/zhao-2023-c-stance-large-dataset-chinese/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{sobhani2017dataset,
  title = {{A Dataset for Multi-Target Stance Detection}},
  author = {Sobhani, Parinaz and Inkpen, Diana and Zhu, Xiaodan},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 2, Short Papers},
  year = {2017},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/e17-2088},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/e17-2088}
}
```

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