---
title: "SinFoS: A Parallel Dataset for Translating — Sofalas 2026"
description: "Figurative expressions such as idioms and proverbs carry heavy cultural meaning."
authors: ["Johan Nevin Sofalas", "Dilushri Pavithra", "Nevidu Jayatilleke", "Ruvan Weerasinghe"]
year: 2026
venue: "Proceedings of the 22nd Workshop on Multiword Expressions (MWE 2026)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2026.mwe-1.2/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2026.mwe-1.2"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/sofalas-2026-sinfos-parallel-dataset-translating-sinhala/"
---
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# SinFoS: A Parallel Dataset for Translating Sinhala Figures of Speech

**Authors:** Johan Nevin Sofalas, Dilushri Pavithra, Nevidu Jayatilleke, [Ruvan Weerasinghe](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/ruvan-weerasinghe/) · **Year:** 2026 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 22nd Workshop on Multiword Expressions (MWE 2026) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2026.mwe-1.2/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2026.mwe-1.2.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2026.mwe-1.2](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.mwe-1.2) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7140146797)

**Citations:** 0 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · 1 in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Figurative expressions such as idioms and proverbs carry heavy cultural meaning. They are hard for neural MT even in well-resourced languages, and harder still for Sinhala, which is classed as lower-resourced (Category 2). The authors address this gap with SinFoS, a Sinhala–English resource of 2,344 unique figures of speech (FoS). They drew the entries mostly from established Sinhala reference books, with the rest from Wikipedia. Native speakers annotated each entry with its FoS type, literal image, English counterpart, intended meaning and optional context, relying on verified sources rather than personal judgement. The authors also analyse the cultural origins of the expressions and their cross-lingual equivalents. A binary classifier separating two FoS types reaches roughly 92% accuracy. Nine LLMs were evaluated with cosine similarity and a fidelity score. Gemini performed best, and the smaller Gemma model also did well. Models frequently rendered culture-specific or folklore-based expressions literally, revealing shallow understanding. The released dataset gives a benchmark for culturally aware, low-resource machine translation.

## Key points
- **Dataset size and sources:** SinFoS contains 2,344 FoS and is available on Hugging Face (SloppyCalculator/SinFoS).
  - About 65% is drawn from reference works such as the Dictionary of Proverbs of the Sinhalese, the idiom book of the Department of Official Languages, and Atheetha Wakya Deepanya, which was published in 1880.
  - The remaining 35% comes from Wikipedia.
- **Type distribution:** 1,319 idioms, 988 proverbs, 15 adages, 11 idiosyncratic expressions and 11 sayings. This imbalance prevented training a classifier over all categories.
- **Annotation coverage:** English equivalents exist for 1,571 entries, implied meanings for 2,059, and additional context for 125.
- **Classification result:** The binary classifier for two FoS types achieved about 92% accuracy.
- **LLM evaluation:** Nine LLMs were scored with cosine similarity and fidelity, and Gemini ranked first. GPT-4o mini and Qwen often gave literal readings of figurative expressions. The authors describe this behaviour as an "illusion of competence," which BLEU-style metrics fail to capture.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{sofalas2026sinfos,
  title = {{SinFoS: A Parallel Dataset for Translating Sinhala Figures of Speech}},
  author = {Sofalas, Johan Nevin and Pavithra, Dilushri and Jayatilleke, Nevidu and Weerasinghe, Ruvan},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22nd Workshop on Multiword Expressions (MWE 2026)},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2026.mwe-1.2},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.mwe-1.2}
}
```

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