---
title: "Functional Centering – Grounding Referential — Strube 1999"
description: "The centering model explains local discourse coherence by ranking the entities of each utterance in a forward-looking center list (Cf)."
authors: ["Michael Strube", "Udo Hahn"]
year: 1999
source: "https://aclanthology.org/J99-3001/"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/strube-1999-functional-centering-grounding-referential-coherence/"
---
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# Functional Centering – Grounding Referential Coherence on Information Structure

**Authors:** [Michael Strube](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/michael-strube/), [Udo Hahn](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/udo-hahn/) · **Year:** 1999 · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/J99-3001/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/J99-3001.pdf)

**Citations:** [42](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The centering model explains local discourse coherence by ranking the entities of each utterance in a forward-looking center list (Cf). Most work orders this list by grammatical role (subject > object > others). Strube and Hahn argue that this fails for free-word-order languages such as German. They propose "functional centering," which ranks entities by information status instead. Entities already known to the hearer (hearer-old) outrank newly introduced ones (hearer-new).

The authors apply this single ordering to three kinds of intersentential anaphora: pronominal, nominal, and functional (bridging) anaphora. They test it on German and English texts from several domains and genres in two evaluation studies:
- The first compares pronoun-resolution success of a grammatical-role-based centering algorithm against the functional variant.
- The second introduces a cost-based evaluation that scores adjacent pairs of centering transitions as cheap or expensive inferentially, following the model's cognitive-load assumptions.

The work matters for two reasons. It makes Cf ranking potentially language-independent across fixed- and free-word-order languages, and it gives bridging references an explicit place inside the centering mechanism.

## Key points
- The paper replaces grammatical-role criteria for Cf ordering with information-structure criteria. These build on Prince's (1981, 1992) hearer-old vs. hearer-new distinction.
- One ordering scheme covers pronominal, nominal, and functional anaphora. The running German example is a notebook "316LT," later referred to as *Rechner* and linked by inference to *Akkus*.
- Evaluation 1 compares pronoun-resolution success rates of grammatical vs. functional centering algorithms on German and English data.
- Evaluation 2 proposes a cost-based metric over transition pairs rather than isolated transitions. Under this metric, a transition type that looks poor alone can count as cheap in the right context.
- This is the extended journal version of Strube & Hahn's ACL 1996 paper, incorporating material from Strube's 1996 doctoral thesis. Open issues listed include plural, generic, propositional, and deictic anaphora, complex NPs, and the lack of computational evaluation tools.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Coreference resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cited by

Cited by

42 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 9 of them have a page here, 33 not yet.

- [Modeling Local Coherence: An Entity-Based Approach](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/barzilay-2008-modeling-local-coherence-entity-based/)
- [A Generic Anaphora Resolution Engine for Indian Languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/devi-2014-generic-anaphora-resolution-engine-indian/)
- [Beyond Identity Coreference: Contrasting Indicators of Textual Coherence in English and German](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/kunz-2016-beyond-identity-coreference-contrasting-indicators/)
- [The rhetorical parsing of unrestricted texts: a surface-based approach](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/marcu-2000-rhetorical-parsing-unrestricted-texts-surface/)
- [Abstract Anaphora Resolution in Danish](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/navarretta-2000-abstract-anaphora-resolution-danish/)
- [An Algorithm for Anaphora Resolution in Spanish Texts](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/palomar-2001-algorithm-anaphora-resolution-spanish-texts/)
- [The MATE/GNOME Proposals for Anaphoric Annotation, Revisited](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/poesio-2004-mate-gnome-proposals-anaphoric-annotation/)
- [A Probabilistic Model for Associative Anaphora Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/sasano-2009-probabilistic-model-associative-anaphora-resolution/)
- [A Corpus-Based Evaluation of Centering and Pronoun Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/tetreault-2001-corpus-based-evaluation-centering-pronoun/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@misc{strube1999functional,
  title = {{Functional Centering – Grounding Referential Coherence on Information Structure}},
  author = {Strube, Michael and Hahn, Udo},
  year = {1999},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/J99-3001/}
}
```

- [← previous Discourse Relations: A Structural and Presuppositional Account Using Lexicalised TAG](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/webber-1999-discourse-relations-structural-presuppositional-account/)
- [next → Generating Anaphoric Expressions: Pronoun or Definite Description?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/mccoy-1999-generating-anaphoric-expressions-pronoun-or/)
- [↑ back to papers of 1999](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/1999/)

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