---
title: "That's So Annoying!!! — Wang 2015"
description: "The paper argues that behavioral science could use social media as a cheap, geographically diverse alternative to lab studies."
authors: ["William Yang Wang", "Diyi Yang"]
year: 2015
venue: "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/D15-1306/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/d15-1306"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/wang-2015-that-s-so-annoying-lexical/"
---
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# That's So Annoying!!!: A Lexical and Frame-Semantic Embedding Based Data Augmentation Approach to Automatic Categorization of Annoying Behaviors using #petpeeve Tweets

**Authors:** [William Yang Wang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/william-yang-wang/), [Diyi Yang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/diyi-yang/) · **Year:** 2015 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/D15-1306/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/D15-1306.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/d15-1306](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1306) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2251658415)

**Citations:** 312 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [79](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper argues that behavioral science could use social media as a cheap, geographically diverse alternative to lab studies. It tests this with tweets about annoying behaviors. Drawing on the geotagged collection assembled by Cheng et al. (2010), which contains 9 million tweets, the authors pulled out 3,375 posts tagged #petpeeve. Using an LDA-assisted, two-pass human annotation scheme, they labeled each post with one of 60 fine-grained categories.

For qualitative exploration, they used the supervised SAGE topic model to surface characteristic words for each category and for each US state.

For the prediction task, they built a 60-way logistic regression classifier with several feature types:
- unigrams
- part-of-speech features
- dependency triples from MaltParser
- frame-semantic features from SEMAFOR

Their main technical idea is data augmentation. Instead of feeding embeddings in as features, they replace words with their nearest neighbors in Word2Vec spaces (lexical and frame-semantic) to generate extra training tweets. Frame features and augmentation both yielded significant gains. This suggests external embeddings can offset the scarce, noisy data typical of short-text classification.

## Key points
- **Dataset:** 3,375 #petpeeve tweets from a corpus covering 121K users, released publicly. There are 60 categories; appearance is the largest at 14%, and 17% of tweets are unrelated. Inter-annotator agreement was moderate (0.445). Experiments use a 60/40 train/test split.
- **Feature comparison (F1):** lexical 0.341, +POS 0.346, +dependencies 0.350, +semantic frames 0.366.
- **Augmentation setup:** k = 5 nearest neighbors, which expands the training set fivefold. Lexical embeddings come from GoogleNews (100B words), Twitter (51M words), and Urban Dictionary (UD, 53M words). Frame embeddings come from Twitter (27M frames).
- **Lexical-only augmentation:** GoogleNews embeddings raise F1 to 0.365, a 6.1% relative gain. The best overall F1, 0.380, combines UD lexical embeddings with frame-semantic embeddings on top of all features, a 3.8% relative gain.
- **Qualitative findings:** SAGE surfaces regional patterns, for example "dmv" in MD and DC, linked to the 2010 snowstorm. The classifier is LibShortText logistic regression, with significance assessed by a paired t-test.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cited by

Cited by

79 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 7 of them have a page here, 72 not yet.

- [AugGPT: Leveraging ChatGPT for Text Data Augmentation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/dai-2023-auggpt-leveraging-chatgpt-text-data/)
- [Contextual Augmentation: Data Augmentation by Words with Paradigmatic Relations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/kobayashi-2018-contextual-augmentation-data-augmentation-words/)
- [An Empirical Study of Contextual Data Augmentation for Japanese Zero Anaphora Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/konno-2020-empirical-study-contextual-data-augmentation/)
- [Submodular Optimization-based Diverse Paraphrasing and its Effectiveness in Data Augmentation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/kumar-2019-submodular-optimization-based-diverse-paraphrasing/)
- [Target-Aware Data Augmentation for Stance Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/li-2021-target-aware-data-augmentation-stance/)
- [“Liar, Liar Pants on Fire”: A New Benchmark Dataset for Fake News Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/wang-2017-liar-liar-pants-fire-new/)
- [EDA: Easy Data Augmentation Techniques for Boosting Performance on Text Classification Tasks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/wei-2019-eda-easy-data-augmentation-techniques/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{wang2015that,
  title = {{That's So Annoying!!!: A Lexical and Frame-Semantic Embedding Based Data Augmentation Approach to Automatic Categorization of Annoying Behaviors using \#petpeeve Tweets}},
  author = {Wang, William Yang and Yang, Diyi},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  year = {2015},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/d15-1306},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1306}
}
```

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## References

44 references, 5 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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