---
title: "SynGEC: Syntax-Enhanced Grammatical Error — Zhang 2022"
description: "Grammatical error correction (GEC) systems usually treat input as a flat token sequence, even though many errors, such as tense or number agreement…"
authors: ["Yue Zhang", "Bo Zhang", "Zhenghua Li", "Zuyi Bao", "Chen Li", "Min Zhang"]
year: 2022
venue: "Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2022.emnlp-main.162/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.162"
arxiv: "2210.12484"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/zhang-2022-syngec-syntax-enhanced-grammatical-error/"
---
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# SynGEC: Syntax-Enhanced Grammatical Error Correction with a Tailored GEC-Oriented Parser

**Authors:** [Yue Zhang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/yue-zhang/), [Bo Zhang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/bo-zhang/), [Zhenghua Li](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/zhenghua-li/), Zuyi Bao, Chen Li, [Min Zhang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/min-zhang/) · **Year:** 2022 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2022.emnlp-main.162/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2022.emnlp-main.162.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.162](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.162) · [arXiv 2210.12484](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.12484) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4385567238)

**Citations:** 37 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [39](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Grammatical error correction (GEC) systems usually treat input as a flat token sequence, even though many errors, such as tense or number agreement, depend on syntactic relations. Adding syntax is difficult because standard dependency parsers are trained on clean treebanks and perform poorly on learner text. SynGEC addresses this with a purpose-built parser, GOPar. The authors extend the Stanford Dependencies scheme with three error labels so that one tree can encode both syntax and mistakes. They then parse the corrected side of parallel GEC data with an ordinary parser, align source and target with ERRANT, and project the trees onto the erroneous sentences. GOPar is trained on these automatically derived trees, so no manual annotation is needed. Its output is encoded by label-aware GCN layers placed on top of a Transformer encoder. On English (CoNLL-14, BEA-19) and Chinese (NLPCC-18, MuCGEC) benchmarks, SynGEC consistently beats strong baselines, including BART-enhanced ones. This shows that error-aware syntax helps GEC in a data-scarce setting and that the approach does not depend on a particular language.

## Key points
- The extended scheme builds on Stanford Dependencies v3.3.0 and adds the GED labels "S" (substituted), "R" (redundant) and "M" (missing). Word-order errors are modelled as a redundant error plus a missing one, and label conflicts are resolved with the priority S > R > M.
- GOPar training data come from tree projection over parallel GEC corpora: target sentences are parsed, ERRANT extracts the edits, and trees are mapped to the source side using rules. High-quality training pairs are scarce, about 126K for English and 157K for Chinese, excluding the noisy Lang8 data.
- Syntax is injected through DepGCN blocks between the Transformer encoder and decoder. GCN was preferred over GAT because it performed similarly but ran faster.
- Chinese single-model F0.5 scores:

  | Dataset | Setting | Baseline | SynGEC |
  |---|---|---|---|
  | NLPCC-18 | without PLM | 36.31 | 37.91 |
  | NLPCC-18 | with PLM | 44.64 | 45.32 |
  | MuCGEC | without PLM | 38.49 | 40.58 |
  | MuCGEC | with PLM | 45.93 | 46.51 |

- Code and data are released at github.com/HillZhang1999/SynGEC. The authors name several limitations: noise from the off-the-shelf parser, coarse error labels, and use of source-side syntax only.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cited by

Cited by

39 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 2 of them have a page here, 37 not yet.

- [Advancements in Arabic Grammatical Error Detection and Correction: An Empirical Investigation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/alhafni-2023-advancements-arabic-grammatical-error-detection/)
- [CamelParser2.0: A State-of-the-Art Dependency Parser for Arabic](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/ud-2023-elshabrawy-camelparser2-0-state-art-dependency/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{zhang2022syngec,
  title = {{SynGEC: Syntax-Enhanced Grammatical Error Correction with a Tailored GEC-Oriented Parser}},
  author = {Zhang, Yue and Zhang, Bo and Li, Zhenghua and Bao, Zuyi and Li, Chen and Zhang, Min},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.162},
  eprint = {2210.12484},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.162}
}
```

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